Injury Risk and Prevention Strategies Among Saudi and Irish Amateur Women Soccer Players – A qualitative study
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.62464/ijoprp.v3i4.19Keywords:
Injury Prevention, Amateur Soccer, Women, Perception, Behavior.Abstract
Abstract
This qualitative study aimed to explore how Saudi and Irish women amateur soccer players perceive soccer-related injury risk and prevention, including barriers and facilitators to the implementation of prevention strategies. Online interviews were conducted with 36 amateur women soccer players (20 Saudi and 16 Irish) of 18 years and older. Findings were analysed using Reflexive Thematic Analysis. Three main themes were identified; (1) “we don’t have enough knowledge about injury prevention” (2) implementing injury prevention measures varies across players and teams, and (3) “we love the game…but we are undervalued”. The biopsychosocial characteristics of the players influenced their experiences on injury prevention in all three themes. Tailored educational programmes for women, their coaches, and parents of younger players, as well as provision of the required support for amateur teams are recommended to encourage participation and implementation of evidence-based injury prevention strategies, taking player’s biopsychosocial characteristics into account.
References
Ahmed, A. E., Al-Jahdali, F., AlALwan, A., Abuabat, F., Bin Salih, S., Al-Harbi, A., Baharoon, S., Khan, M., Ali, Y. Z., & Al-Jahdali, H. (2017). Prevalence of sleep duration among Saudi adults. Saudi Medical Journal, 38(3), 276–283. https://doi.org/10.15537/smj.2017.3.17101 DOI: https://doi.org/10.15537/smj.2017.3.17101
Ajzen, I., Joyce, N., Sheikh, S., & Cote, N. G. (2011). Knowledge and the prediction of behavior: The role of information accuracy in the theory of planned behavior. Basic and Applied Social Psychology, 33(2), 101–117. https://doi.org/10.1080/01973533.2011.568834 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/01973533.2011.568834
Al-Shahri, M. Z. (2002). Culturally sensitive caring for Saudi patients. Journal of Transcultural Nursing, 13(2), 133–138. https://doi.org/10.1177/104365960201300206 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1177/104365960201300206
Al Attar, W. S. A., Soomro, N., Pappas, E., Sinclair, P. J., & Sanders, R. H. (2016). How Effective are F-MARC injury prevention programs for soccer players? A systematic review and meta-analysis. Sports Medicine, 46(2), 205–217. https://doi.org/10.1007/s40279-015-0404-x DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s40279-015-0404-x
Al Attar, W. S. A., Soomro, N., Sinclair, P. J., Pappas, E., Muaidi, Q. I., & Sanders, R. H. (2018). Implementation of an evidence-based injury prevention program in professional and semi-professional soccer. International Journal of Sports Science and Coaching, 13(1), 113–121. https://doi.org/10.1177/1747954117707482 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1177/1747954117707482
Al Dandan, H. B., Galvin, R., McClurg, D., Coote, S., & Robinson, K. (2021). Management strategies for neurogenic lower urinary tract dysfunction: a qualitative study of the experiences of people with multiple sclerosis and healthcare professionals. Disability and Rehabilitation, 0(0), 1–11. https://doi.org/10.1080/09638288.2021.1887378 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/09638288.2021.1887378
Alahmad, T. A., Tierney, A. C., Cahalan, R. M., Almaflehi, N. S., & Clifford, A. M. (2021). Injury risk profile of amateur Irish women soccer players and players’ opinions on risk factors and prevention strategies. Physical Therapy in Sport, 50. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ptsp.2021.05.008 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ptsp.2021.05.008
Berry, J. W., Poortinga, Y. H., Breugelmans, S. M., Chasiotis, A., & Sam, D. L. (2011). Cross-cultural psychology. In Cross-Cultural Psychology (Issue January). https://doi.org/10.1017/cbo9780511974274 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1017/CBO9780511974274
Bisciotti, G. N., Volpi, P., Alberti, G., Aprato, A., Artina, M., Auci, A., Bait, C., Belli, A., Bellistri, G., Bettinsoli, P., Bisciotti, A., Bisciotti, A., Bona, S., Bresciani, M., Bruzzone, A., Buda, R., Buffoli, M., Callini, M., Canata, G., … Chamari, K. (2019). Italian consensus statement (2020) on return to play after lower limb muscle injury in football (soccer). BMJ Open Sport and Exercise Medicine, 5(1). https://doi.org/10.1136/bmjsem-2018-000505 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1136/bmjsem-2018-000505
Blanchard, S., Palestri, J., Guer, J.-L., & BEHR, M. (2018). Current soccer footwear, its role in injuries and potential for improvement. Sports Medicine International Open, 02(02), E52–E61. https://doi.org/10.1055/a-0608-4229 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1055/a-0608-4229
Borges, N., Reaburn, P., Driller, M., Argus, C., & and Christos Argus. (2016). Age-related changes in performance and recovery kinetics in master athletes: A narrative review. Journal of Aging and Physical Activity, 24(1), 149–157. https://doi.org/10.1123/japa.2015-0021 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1123/japa.2015-0021
Braun, V., & Clarke, V. (2006). Using thematic analysis in psychology. Qualitative Research in Psychology, 3, 5–65. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1191/1478088706qp063oa
Braun, V., & Clarke, V. (2020). One size fits all? What counts as quality practice in (reflexive) thematic analysis? Qualitative Research in Psychology, 00(00), 1–25. https://doi.org/10.1080/14780887.2020.1769238 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/14780887.2020.1769238
Byrne, D. (2021). A worked example of Braun and Clarke’s approach to reflexive thematic analysis. Quality and Quantity, 0123456789. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11135-021-01182-y DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s11135-021-01182-y
Callahan CA, Hojat M, Gonnella JS. Volunteer bias in medical education research: an empirical study of over three decades of longitudinal data (2007). Med Educ, 41(8):746-53. doi: 10.1111/j.1365-2923.2007.02803.x. PMID: 17661882. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2923.2007.02803.x
Choi, J., Kushner, K. E., Mill, J., & Lai, D. W. L. (2012). Understanding the language, the culture, and the experience: Translation in crosscultural research. International Journal of Qualitative Methods, 11(5), 652–665. https://doi.org/10.1177/160940691201100508 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1177/160940691201100508
Connolly, L. Y., Lang, M., & Wall, D. S. (2019). Information security behavior: A cross-cultural comparison of Irish and US employees. Information Systems Management, 36(4), 306–322. https://doi.org/10.1080/10580530.2019.1651113 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/10580530.2019.1651113
Corrigan J, O'Keeffe S, Whyte E, O'Connor S. (2023). A qualitative examination of injury prevention strategy and education in Ladies Gaelic football: Understanding the preferences of players and coaches. PLoS One.15;18(2):e0281825. doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0281825. PMID: 36791136; PMCID: PMC9931138. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0281825
DeMarco, J., Nystrom, M., & Salvatore, K. (2011). The importance of patient education throughout the continuum of health care. Journal of Consumer Health on the Internet, 15(1), 22–31. https://doi.org/10.1080/15398285.2011.547069 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/15398285.2011.547069
Di Salvo, V., & Pigozzi, F. (1998). Physical training of football players based on their positional rules in the team: Effects on performance-related factors. Journal of Sports Medicine and Physical Fitness, 38(4), 294–297.
Donaldson, A., Callaghan, A., Bizzini, M., Jowett, A., Keyzer, P., & Nicholson, M. (2019). A concept mapping approach to identifying the barriers to implementing an evidence-based sports injury prevention programme. Injury Prevention, 25(4), 244–251. https://doi.org/10.1136/injuryprev-2017-042639 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1136/injuryprev-2017-042639
Donnelly, T. T., Mohammed Al-Thani, A. A. bint, Benjamin, K., Al-Khater, A. H., Fung, T. S., Ahmedna, M., & Welch, A. (2018). Arab female and male perceptions of factors facilitating and inhibiting their physical activity: Findings from a qualitative study in the Middle East. PLoS ONE, 13(7), 1–28. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0199336 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0199336
Duminica, D. (2020). Factors that influence the change of human behavior in student’s online activity. Proceedings of the 12th International Conference on Electronics, Computers and Artificial Intelligence, ECAI 2020, March. https://doi.org/10.1109/ECAI50035.2020.9223218 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1109/ECAI50035.2020.9223218
Eirale, C., Gillogly, S., Singh, G., & Chamari, K. (2017). Injury & illness epidemiology in soccer - Effects of global geographical differences -A call for standardized & consistent research studies. Biology of Sport, 34(3), 249–254. https://doi.org/10.5114/biolsport.2017.66002 DOI: https://doi.org/10.5114/biolsport.2017.66002
Ekstrand, J., Timpka, T., & Hägglund, M. (2006). Risk of injury in elite football played on artificial turf versus natural grass: A prospective two-cohort study. British Journal of Sports Medicine, 40(12), 975–980. https://doi.org/10.1136/bjsm.2006.027623 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1136/bjsm.2006.027623
Ferraz, R., Ribeiro, P., Neiva, H. P., Forte, P., Branquinho, L., & Marinho, D. A. (2021). Characterization of Warm-Up in Soccer: Report from Portuguese Elite Soccer Coaches. The Open Sports Sciences Journal, 14(1), 114–123. https://doi.org/10.2174/1875399x02114010114 DOI: https://doi.org/10.2174/1875399X02114010114
FIFA. (2019). Women’s football member associations survey report. Federation Internationale de Football Association, 1–113. https://img.fifa.com/image/upload/nq3ensohyxpuxovcovj0.pdf
Finch, C. (2006). A new framework for research leading to sports injury prevention. Journal of Science and Medicine in Sport, 9(1–2), 3–9. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jsams.2006.02.009 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jsams.2006.02.009
Foster, C., Wright, G., Battista, R. A., & Porcari, J. P. (2007). Training in the aging athlete. Current Sports Medicine Reports, 6(3), 200–206. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11932-007-0029-4 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1097/01.CSMR.0000306468.72466.af
Gebert, A., Gerber, M., Pühse, U., Gassmann, P., Stamm, H., & Lamprecht, M. (2018). Costs resulting from nonprofessional soccer injuries in Switzerland: A detailed analysis. Journal of Sport and Health Science, 00, 1–8. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jshs.2018.08.001 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jshs.2018.08.001
Gill, D.L. (2017) Gender and cultural diversity in sport, exercise, and performance psychology, Oxford Research Encyclopedia of Psychology, (July), pp. 1–20. doi:10.1093/acrefore/9780190236557.013.148. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1093/acrefore/9780190236557.013.148
Giritlioğlu, R., & Erzeybek, M. S. (2020). Investigation of the personality, anger and anxiety situation of the professional and amateur football players and the veteran footballers. International Journal of Psychology and Educational Studies, 7(2), 177–184. https://doi.org/10.17220/ijpes.2020.02.016 DOI: https://doi.org/10.17220/ijpes.2020.02.016
Giza, E., & Micheli, L. J. (2005). Soccer injuries. Medicine and Sport Science, 49, 140–169. https://doi.org/10.1159/000085395 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1159/000085395
Gratton, C. (2014). Research methods for sports studies. In Research Methods for Sports Studies (Second). Routledge. https://doi.org/10.4324/9781315796222 DOI: https://doi.org/10.4324/9781315796222
Hassan, E. S. (2005). Recall bias can be a threat to retrospective and prospective designs. The Internet Journal of Epidemiology, 3(2), 1–7. https://doi.org/10.5580/2732 DOI: https://doi.org/10.5580/2732
Hatala, A. R. (2012). The status of the “Biopsychosocial” Model in health psychology: Towards an integrated approach and a critique of cultural conceptions. Open Journal of Medical Psychology, 01(04), 51–62. https://doi.org/10.4236/ojmp.2012.14009 DOI: https://doi.org/10.4236/ojmp.2012.14009
Ivarsson, A., Johnson, U., Tranaeus, U., Hill, D., & Davidson, C. L. (2021). The BASES Expert Statement on psychological considerations for injury risk reduction in competitive sport. The Sport and Exercise Scientist, 69.
Kim, B. (2001). Social constructivism. In Emerging Perspectives on Learning, Teaching and Technology (Issue April, pp. 195–211). https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-51791-5_10 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-51791-5_10
Klein, C., Henke, T., & Platen, P. (2018). Injuries in football (soccer)—a systematic review of epidemiology and aetiological aspects. German Journal of Exercise and Sport Research, 48(3), 309–322. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12662-018-0530-3 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s12662-018-0530-3
Renzi, Stefano & Klobas, Jane. (2008). Using the Theory of Planned Behavior with Qualitative Research. "Carlo F. Dondena" Centre for Research on Social Dynamics (DONDENA), University Commerciale Luigi Bocconi, Working Papers.
Ledlin, J. (2007). ’ It wasn ’ t me it was my soccer boots !’ women , sport and identity : An exploration of identity through amateur women ’ s soccer. The University of Technology Sydney.
Lefdahl-Davis, E. M., & Perrone-McGovern, K. M. (2015). The cultural adjustment of Saudi women international students: A qualitative examination. Journal of Cross-Cultural Psychology, 46(3), 406–434. https://doi.org/10.1177/0022022114566680 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1177/0022022114566680
Liston, K. (2006). Women’s soccer in the republic of Ireland: Some preliminary sociological comments. Soccer & Society, 7(2–3), 364–384. https://doi.org/10.1080/14660970600615450 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/14660970600615450
Lysa, C. (2020). Fighting for the right to play women’s football and regime-loyal resistance in Saudi Arabia. Third World Quarterly, 41(5), 842–859. https://doi.org/10.1080/01436597.2020.1723075 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/01436597.2020.1723075
Majid, M. A. A., Othman, M., Mohamad, S. F., Lim, S. A. H., & Yusof, A. (2017). Piloting for interviews in qualitative research: Operationalization and lessons learnt. International Journal of Academic Research in Business and Social Sciences, 7(4), 1073–1080. https://doi.org/10.6007/ijarbss/v7-i4/2916 DOI: https://doi.org/10.6007/IJARBSS/v7-i4/2916
Mandorino, Mauro & Figueiredo, António & Condello, Giancarlo & Tessitore, Antonio. (2022). The influence of maturity on recovery and perceived exertion, and its relationship with illnesses and non-contact injuries in young soccer players. Biology of Sport, (39). 839-848. 810.5114/biolsport.2022.109953. DOI: https://doi.org/10.5114/biolsport.2022.109953
Michie, S. (2002). Causes and management of stress at work. Occupational and Environmental Medicine, 59(1), 67–72. https://doi.org/10.1136/oem.59.1.67 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1136/oem.59.1.67
Moise, C. (2014). Importance of beliefs, attitudes, and values in the frame of human resource motivation. Annals of “Spiru Haret”. Economic Series, 14(2), 17. https://doi.org/10.26458/1422 DOI: https://doi.org/10.26458/1422
Moradi-Lakeh, M., El Bcheraoui, C., Afshin, A., Daoud, F., Almazroa, M. A., Al Saeedi, M., Basulaiman, M., Memish, Z. A., Al Rabeeah, A. A., & Mokdad, A. H. (2017). Diet in Saudi Arabia: Findings from a nationally representative survey. Public Health Nutrition, 20(6), 1075–1081. https://doi.org/10.1017/S1368980016003141 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1017/S1368980016003141
Müller PO, Taylor J, Jordan MJ, et al. (2022). Call for the application of a biopsychosocial and interdisciplinary approach to the return-tosport framework of snow sports athletes. BMJ Open Sport & Exercise Medicine, (9):e001516. doi:10.1136/ bmjsem-2022-001516 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1136/bmjsem-2022-001516
Murphy, D. F., Connolly, D. A. J., & Beynnon, B. D. (2003). Risk factors for lower extremity injury: a review of the literature. Br J Sports Med, 37, 13–29. https://doi.org/10.1136/bjsm.37.1.13 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1136/bjsm.37.1.13
Mutz, M., Abdel Hadi, S., & Häusser, J. A. (2020). Work and sport: Relationships between specific job stressors and sports participation. Ergonomics, 63(9), 1077–1087. https://doi.org/10.1080/00140139.2020.1772381 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/00140139.2020.1772381
Ndlec, M., McCall, A., Carling, C., Legall, F., Berthoin, S., & Dupont, G. (2012). Recovery in soccer: Part I-post-match fatigue and time course of recovery. Sports Medicine, 42(12), 997–1015. https://doi.org/10.2165/11635270-000000000-00000 DOI: https://doi.org/10.2165/11635270-000000000-00000
Nowell, L. S., Norris, J. M., White, D. E., & Moules, N. J. (2017). Thematic analysis: Striving to meet the tustworthiness criteria. International Journal of Qualitative Methods, 16(1), 1–13. https://doi.org/10.1177/1609406917733847 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1177/1609406917733847
Owoeye, O. B. A., McKay, C. D., Verhagen, E. A. L. M., & Emery, C. A. (2018). Advancing adherence research in sport injury prevention. British Journal of Sports Medicine, 52(17), 1078–1079. https://doi.org/10.1136/bjsports-2017-098272 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1136/bjsports-2017-098272
Piermattéo, A., Lo Monaco, G., Reymond, G., Eyraud, M., & Dany, L. (2020). The meaning of sport and performance among amateur and professional athletes. International Journal of Sport and Exercise Psychology, 18(4), 472–484. https://doi.org/10.1080/1612197X.2018.1536160 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/1612197X.2018.1536160
Rey, E., Padrón-Cabo, A., Barcala-Furelos, R., Casamichana, D., & Romo-Pérez, V. (2018). Practical active and passive recovery strategies for soccer players. Strength and Conditioning Journal, 40(3), 45–57. https://doi.org/10.1519/SSC.0000000000000247 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1519/SSC.0000000000000247
Rolison, J. J., Hanoch, Y., Wood, S., & Liu, P. J. (2014). Risk-taking differences across the adult life span: A question of age and domain. Journals of Gerontology - Series B Psychological Sciences and Social Sciences, 69(6), 870–880. https://doi.org/10.1093/geronb/gbt081 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1093/geronb/gbt081
Rowe, K. et al. (2013) Sport development and physical activity promotion: An integrated model to enhance collaboration and understanding, Sport Management Review, 16(3), pp. 364–377. doi:10.1016/j.smr.2012.12.003. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.smr.2012.12.003
Ruivo, R. M., Carita, A. I., & Pezarat-Correia, P. (2016). Effets d’un programme de formation de la force de 16 semaines sur les joueurs de football. Science and Sports, 31(5), e107–e113. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scispo.2016.02.008 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scispo.2016.02.008
Ruiz-Esteban, C., Olmedilla, A., Méndez, I., & Tobal, J. J. (2020). Female soccer players’ psychological profile: Differences between professional and amateur players. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 17(12), 1–9. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph17124357 DOI: https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph17124357
Sadigursky, D., Braid, J. A., De Lira, D. N. L., Machado, B. A. B., Carneiro, R. J. F., & Colavolpe, P. O. (2017). The FIFA 11+ injury prevention program for soccer players: A systematic review. BMC Sports Science, Medicine, and Rehabilitation, 9(1), 1–8. https://doi.org/10.1186/s13102-017-0083-z DOI: https://doi.org/10.1186/s13102-017-0083-z
Saeidi, A. (2016). Physical and physiological demand of soccer player based on scientific research. International Journal of Applied Science in Physical Education, 2, 9–22.
Sajedi, H., & Kirkbir, F. (2020). The effect of competitive anxiety on the injury level of student-athletes of Karadeniz Technical University. Journal of Educational Issues, 6(2), 98. https://doi.org/10.5296/jei.v6i2.17365 DOI: https://doi.org/10.5296/jei.v6i2.17365
Shenton, A. K. (2004). Strategies for ensuring trustworthiness in qualitative research projects. Education for Information, 22(2), 63–75. https://doi.org/10.3233/EFI-2004-22201 DOI: https://doi.org/10.3233/EFI-2004-22201
Smith, H. C., Vacek, P., Johnson, R. J., Slauterbeck, J. R., Hashemi, J., Shultz, S., & Beynnon, B. D. (2012). Risk factors for anterior cruciate ligament injury: A review of the literature-Part 2: hormonal, genetic, cognitive function, previous injury, and extrinsic risk factors. Sports Health, 4(2), 155–161. https://doi.org/10.1177/1941738111428282 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1177/1941738111428282
Soligard, T., Myklebust, G., Steffen, K., Holme, I., Silvers, H., Bizzini, M., Junge, A., Dvorak, J., Bahr, R., & Andersen, T. E. (2009). Comprehensive warm-up programme to prevent injuries in young female footballers: Cluster randomised controlled trial. BMJ (Online), 338(7686), 95–99. https://doi.org/10.1136/bmj.a2469 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1136/bmj.a2469
Swanepoel, M. J., Surujlal, J., & Isabirye, A. K. (2015). A qualitative analysis of motives and challenges in professional female soccer: sport management and governance. (Special Issue: Current issues in sport, physical activity, recreation, and health.). African Journal for Physical, Health Education, Recreation and Dance, 21(Suppl. 1), 108–126.
Tripp, D. A., Stanish, W., Ebel-Lam, A., Brewer, B. W., & Birchard, J. (2011). Fear of reinjury, negative affect, and catastrophizing predicting return to sport in recreational athletes with anterior cruciate ligament injuries at 1-year postsurgery. Sport, Exercise, and Performance Psychology, 1(S), 38–48. https://doi.org/10.1037/2157-3905.1.s.38 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1037/2157-3905.1.S.38
Van Hooren, B., & Peake, J. M. (2018). Do we need a cool-down after exercise? A narrative review of the psychophysiological effects and the effects on performance, injuries, and the long-term adaptive response. Sports Medicine, 48(7), 1575–1595. https://doi.org/10.1007/s40279-018-0916-2 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s40279-018-0916-2
Vasileiou, K., Barnett, J., Thorpe, S., & Young, T. (2018). Characterising and justifying sample size sufficiency in interview-based studies: Systematic analysis of qualitative health research over a 15-year period. BMC Medical Research Methodology, 18(1), 1–18. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12874-018-0594-7 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1186/s12874-018-0594-7
Verhagen, E. A. L. M., Van Stralen, M. M., & Van Mechelen, W. (2010). Behaviour, the key factor for sports injury prevention. Sports Medicine, 40(11), 899–906. https://doi.org/10.2165/11536890-000000000-00000 DOI: https://doi.org/10.2165/11536890-000000000-00000
Waldén, M., Hägglund, M., Orchard, J., Kristenson, K., & Ekstrand, J. (2013). Regional differences in injury incidence in European professional football. Scandinavian Journal of Medicine and Science in Sports, 23(4), 424–430. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1600-0838.2011.01409.x DOI: https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1600-0838.2011.01409.x
Wan, J. J., Qin, Z., Wang, P. Y., Sun, Y., & Liu, X. (2017). Muscle fatigue: General understanding and treatment. Experimental and Molecular Medicine, 49(10), e384-11. https://doi.org/10.1038/emm.2017.194 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1038/emm.2017.194
Wiese-Bjornstal, D. M. (2010). Psychology and socioculture affect injury risk, response, and recovery in high-intensity athletes: A consensus statement. Scandinavian Journal of Medicine and Science in Sports, 20(SUPPL. 2), 103–111. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1600-0838.2010.01195.x DOI: https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1600-0838.2010.01195.x
Wisdom, J., & Creswell, J. W. (2013). Integrating quantitative and qualitative data collection and analysis while studying patient-centered medical home models. Agency for Healthcare Reseach and Quality, 13-0028-EF, 1–5. https://doi.org/No. 13-0028-EF.
Downloads
Published
How to Cite
Issue
Section
License
Copyright (c) 2024 International Journal of Physical Therapy Research & Practice
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivatives 4.0 International License.
Funding data
-
King Saud University
Grant numbers NA
