A Review of Falls Among Older Adults in Saudi Arabia: Risk Factors, Outcomes, and Prevention Strategies
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.62464/ijoprp.v4i8.123Keywords:
Falls, older adults, Falls risk factors, Falls strategies, Saudi ArabiaAbstract
Falls among older adults in Saudi Arabia pose a significant and growing public health concern, with studies reporting prevalence rates exceeding 47%. These events contribute to physical injuries and psychological distress, longer hospital stays, and rising healthcare costs. This narrative review synthesizes recent findings on the prevalence, underlying risk factors, outcomes, and strategies aimed at preventing falls in this population. Key contributors to fall risk in Saudi Arabia were found to include both intrinsic factors, such as chronic health conditions, limited mobility, obesity, vision problems, mental health issues, and polypharmacy, and extrinsic factors like environmental hazards and inadequate safety measures. Despite growing awareness and various preventive efforts, initiatives such as environmental modifications, the use of assistive devices, and closer hospital monitoring, falls remain common across both community and healthcare settings. The literature points to several effective interventions, including personalized risk assessments, home and facility modifications, medication management, structured exercise programs, and better training for caregivers and medical staff. However, a noticeable gap remains between what is known and what is actually implemented. This underscores the urgent need for stronger implementation of fall prevention strategies. Moving forward, a coordinated, multimodal approach tailored to Saudi Arabia’s healthcare system is essential to reduce fall-related incidents and improve the well-being of older adults.
References
Alabdullgader, A., & Rabbani, U. (2021). Prevalence and risk factors of falls among the elderly in Unaizah City, Saudi Arabia. Sultan Qaboos University Medical Journal, 21(1), e86. https://doi.org/10.18295/squmj.2021.21.01.012 DOI: https://doi.org/10.18295/squmj.2021.21.01.012
Alamri, S. H., Ghamri, R. A., Alshehri, W. H., Alhuthayli, R. S., Alamoudi, N. M., Alnufaei, R. D., et al. (2023). Falls and correlations among community-dwelling older adults: A cross-sectional study in Jeddah, Saudi Arabia. Pakistan Journal of Medical Sciences, 39(1), 109–116. https://doi.org/10.12669/pjms.39.1.6575 DOI: https://doi.org/10.12669/pjms.39.1.6993
Alanazi, A., & Salih, S. (2023). Fall prevalence and associated risk factors among the elderly population in Tabuk City, Saudi Arabia: A cross-sectional study 2023. Cureus, 15(9), e45317. https://doi.org/10.7759/cureus.45317 DOI: https://doi.org/10.7759/cureus.45317
Alasmari, R. S., Hassani, H. A., Almalky, N. A., Bokhari, A. F., Al Zahrani, A., & Hafez, A. A. (2023). Risk factors for fall among the elderly with diabetes mellitus type 2 in Jeddah, Saudi Arabia, 2022: A cross-sectional study. Annals of Medicine and Surgery, 85(3), 427-432. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/MS9.0000000000000269 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1097/MS9.0000000000000269
Aleid, A., Bin Shuiel, H. K., Alyabis, N. A., Alfaraj, A. H., Dahlan, D. J., Alkhatib, F. M., et al. (2023). Predictors and outcomes of falls in older adults presenting to the emergency room in Saudi Arabia: A cross-sectional analysis. Cureus, 15(10), e47122. https://doi.org/10.7759/cureus.47122 DOI: https://doi.org/10.7759/cureus.47122
Al Harbi, R. A., Omar, M. T., Abd Elkader, S. M. I., Alhammad, S. A., & Gwada, R. F. (2025). Factors associated with fear of falling among Saudi community-dwelling older adults: A cross-sectional study. Medicine, 104(24), e42864. https://doi.org/10.1097/MD.0000000000042864 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1097/MD.0000000000042864
AlHarkan, S., Alsousi, K., AlMishqab, M., Alawami, M., Almearaj, J., Alhashim, H., … AlOmar, R. S. (2023). Associations between polypharmacy and potentially inappropriate medications with risk of falls among the elderly in Saudi Arabia. BMC Geriatrics, 23(1), 222. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12877-023-03903-y DOI: https://doi.org/10.1186/s12877-023-03852-y
Aljarbou, H. M., Almoajel, A. M., Althomali, M. M., & Almutairi, K. M. (2025). Risk and preventive measures among older adults in nursing homes in Saudi Arabia: An exploratory study on falls. Healthcare, 13(3), 342. https://doi.org/10.3390/healthcare13030342 DOI: https://doi.org/10.3390/healthcare13030342
Al-Khraif, R. M., Abdul Salam, A., & Abdul Rashid, M. F. (2022). Demographic dividend in Saudi Arabia: From age structural changes to economic gains. Journal of Economics and Management, 44, 19–37. https://doi.org/10.22367/jem.2022.44.02 DOI: https://doi.org/10.22367/jem.2022.44.02
Almarwani, M. (2024). Moving the needle on implementing fall prevention programs in Saudi Arabia: Assessing knowledge and perceptions of fall risk among community-dwelling older women. BMC Geriatrics, 24(1), 666. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12877-024-04662-6 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1186/s12877-024-05269-7
Almegbel, F. Y., Alotaibi, I. M., Alhusain, F. A., Masuadi, E. M., Sulami, S. L. A., Aloushan, A. F., et al. (2018). Period prevalence, risk factors and consequent injuries of falling among the Saudi elderly living in Riyadh, Saudi Arabia: A cross-sectional study. BMJ Open, 8(1), e019063. https://doi.org/10.1136/bmjopen-2017-019063 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1136/bmjopen-2017-019063
Alqahtani, B. A., & Alenazi, A. M. (2025). Assessing the impact of frailty on fall risk in older adults: Evidence from Saudi Arabia. Journal of Disability Research, 4(2), 20250004. https://doi.org/10.57197/JDR-2025-0004 DOI: https://doi.org/10.57197/JDR-2025-0004
ALqrishah, M. H., Alshahrani, S. L., & Numan, O. S. (2024). The associated factors with the occurrence of patients falling in a government hospital in Saudi Arabia: A cross-sectional study of nurses. Saudi Journal of Nursing and Health Care, 7(7), 143-149. https://doi.org/10.36348/sjnhc.2024.v07i07.001 DOI: https://doi.org/10.36348/sjnhc.2024.v07i07.001
Alrimali, A. M., Alshammari, M. K., Alamer, A. S., Alrashedi, A. D., & Alsaadi, M. H. (2023). Fall prevention knowledge, attitudes, and practices among nurses in Saudi Arabia. International Journal of Nursing and Health Care Research, 6, 1482. https://doi.org/10.29011/2688-9501.101482 DOI: https://doi.org/10.29011/2688-9501.101482
Alshanberi, A. M. (2023). Frailty in Kingdom of Saudi Arabia—Prevalence and management, where are we? Healthcare, 11(12), 1715. https://doi.org/10.3390/healthcare11121715 DOI: https://doi.org/10.3390/healthcare11121715
Alshamrani, A., Fakeerh, M., Bondagji, D., Firash, S., Alotaibi, A., & Allebdi, A. (2024). Prevalence and determinants of falls among elderly people in Makkah, Saudi Arabia. Annals of the Romanian Society for Cell Biology, 28(1), 207–219.
Althomali, M. M., Vallis, L. A., & Leat, S. J. (2019). Can older adults’ balance and mobility improve with visual attention training? European Journal of Applied Physiology, 119(7), 1649–1661. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00421-019-04153-2 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s00421-019-04153-2
American Geriatrics Society. (2023). 2023 updated AGS Beers Criteria® for potentially inappropriate medication use in older adults. Journal of the American Geriatrics Society, 71(7), 2052–2081. https://doi.org/10.1111/jgs.18372 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1111/jgs.18372
Assiri, E. H., Assiri, M. H., Alsaleem, S. A., Assiri, A. H., Assiri, A. H., Ahmed, R. A., & Mostafa, O. A. (2020). Epidemiology of falls among elderly people attending primary healthcare centers in Abha City, Saudi Arabia. Middle East Journal of Family Medicine, 18(2), 47-59. https://doi.org/10.5742/MEWFM.2020.93766 DOI: https://doi.org/10.5742/MEWFM.2020.93766
Australian Institute of Health and Welfare. (2023). Injury in Australia: Falls. Retrieved December 20, 2024, from https://www.aihw.gov.au/reports/injury/falls
Bindawas, S. M. (2023). The changing incidence and prevalence of falls and its disability burden among the geriatric population in Saudi Arabia from 1990 to 2019: A longitudinal analysis using Global Burden of Disease Study data. Cureus, 15(11), e49117. https://doi.org/10.7759/cureus.49117 DOI: https://doi.org/10.7759/cureus.49117
Brannan, S., Dewar, C., Sen, J., Clarke, D., Marshall, T., & Murray, P. I. (2003). A prospective study of the rate of falls before and after cataract surgery. British Journal of Ophthalmology, 87(5), 560–562. https://doi.org/10.1136/bjo.87.5.560 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1136/bjo.87.5.560
Brouwer, B. J., Walker, C., Rydahl, S. J., & Culham, E. G. (2003). Reducing fear of falling in seniors through education and activity programs: A randomized trial. Journal of the American Geriatrics Society, 51(6), 829–834. https://doi.org/10.1046/j.1365-2389.2003.51266.x DOI: https://doi.org/10.1046/j.1365-2389.2003.51265.x
Cumming, R. G., Ivers, R., Clemson, L., Cullen, J., Hayes, M. F., Tanzer, M., et al. (2007). Improving vision to prevent falls in frail older people: A randomized trial. Journal of the American Geriatrics Society, 55(2), 175–181. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1532-5415.2007.01023.x DOI: https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1532-5415.2007.01046.x
Davison, J., Bond, J., Dawson, P., Steen, I. N., & Kenny, R. A. (2005). Patients with recurrent falls attending accident & emergency benefit from multifactorial intervention—a randomised controlled trial. Age and Ageing, 34(2), 162–168. https://doi.org/10.1093/ageing/afi053 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1093/ageing/afi053
Fitzharris, M. P., Day, L., Lord, S. R., Gordon, I., & Fildes, B. (2010). The Whitehorse NoFalls trial: Effects on fall rates and injurious fall rates. Age and Ageing, 39(6), 728–733. https://doi.org/10.1093/ageing/afq113 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1093/ageing/afq109
Gillespie, L. D., Robertson, M. C., Gillespie, W. J., Sherrington, C., Gates, S., Clemson, L., & Lamb, S. E. (2012). Interventions for preventing falls in older people living in the community. Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews, 2012(9), CD007146. https://doi.org/10.1002/14651858.CD007146.pub3 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1002/14651858.CD007146.pub3
Gravesande, J., & Richardson, J. (2017). Identifying non-pharmacological risk factors for falling in older adults with type 2 diabetes mellitus: A systematic review. Disability and Rehabilitation, 39(15), 1459–1465. https://doi.org/10.1080/09638288.2016.1209567 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/09638288.2016.1199741
Gu, Y., & Dennis, S. M. (2017). Are falls prevention programs effective at reducing the risk factors for falls in people with type-2 diabetes mellitus and peripheral neuropathy: A systematic review with narrative synthesis. Journal of Diabetes and Its Complications, 31(2), 504–516. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jdiacomp.2016.09.010 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jdiacomp.2016.10.004
Guo, X., Pei, J., Wei, Y., Zhang, G., Yan, F., & Han, L. (2023). Prevalence and risk factors of falls in adults with rheumatoid arthritis: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Seminars in Arthritis and Rheumatism, 60, 152186. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.semarthrit.2023.152186 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.semarthrit.2023.152186
Haran, M. J., Cameron, I. D., Ivers, R. Q., Simpson, J. M., Lee, B. B., Tanzer, M., ... & Lord, S. R. (2010). Effect on falls of providing single lens distance vision glasses to multifocal glasses wearers: VISIBLE randomised controlled trial. BMJ, 340, c2265. https://doi.org/10.1136/bmj.c2265 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1136/bmj.c2265
Harwood, R. H., Foss, A. J. E., Osborn, F., Gregson, R. M., Zaman, A., & Masud, T. (2005). Falls and health status in elderly women following first eye cataract surgery: A randomised controlled trial. British Journal of Ophthalmology, 89(1), 53–59. https://doi.org/10.1136/bjo.2004.049478 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1136/bjo.2004.049478
Heikkilä, A., Lehtonen, L., & Junttila, K. (2024). Consequences of inpatient falls in acute care: A retrospective register study. Journal of Patient Safety, 20(5), 340–346. https://doi.org/10.1097/PTS.0000000000001014 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1097/PTS.0000000000001230
Hill, K. D., Williams, S. B., Chen, J., Moran, H., Hunt, S., & Brand, C. (2013). Balance and falls risk in women with lower limb osteoarthritis or rheumatoid arthritis. Journal of Clinical Gerontology and Geriatrics, 4(1), 22–28. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jcgg.2012.11.004 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jcgg.2012.10.003
Hopewell, S., Copsey, B., Nicolson, P., Adedire, B., Boniface, G., & Lamb, S. (2020). Multifactorial interventions for preventing falls in older people living in the community: A systematic review and meta-analysis of 41 trials and almost 20,000 participants. British Journal of Sports Medicine, 54(22), 1340–1350. https://doi.org/10.1136/bjsports-2019-101512 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1136/bjsports-2019-100732
Hu, M. X., Turner, D., Generaal, E., Bos, D., Ikram, M. K., Ikram, M. A., et al. (2020). Exercise interventions for the prevention of depression: A systematic review of meta-analyses. BMC Public Health, 20(1), 1255. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12889-020-09323-y DOI: https://doi.org/10.1186/s12889-020-09323-y
Innab, A. M. (2022). Nurses’ perceptions of fall risk factors and fall prevention strategies in acute care settings in Saudi Arabia. Nursing Open, 9(2), 1362–1369. https://doi.org/10.1002/nop2.1178 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1002/nop2.1182
Jung, D., Lee, J., & Lee, S. M. (2009). A meta-analysis of fear of falling treatment programs for the elderly. Western Journal of Nursing Research, 31(1), 6-16. https://doi.org/10.1177/0193945908320466 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1177/0193945908320466
Kakara, R. (2023). Nonfatal and fatal falls among adults aged ≥65 years—United States, 2020–2021. MMWR. Morbidity and Mortality Weekly Report, 72. Retrieved October 20, 2024, from https://www.cdc.gov/mmwr/volumes/72/wr/mm7235a1.htm DOI: https://doi.org/10.15585/mmwr.mm7235a1
Kerse, N., Flicker, L., Pfaff, J. J., Draper, B., Lautenschlager, N. T., Sim, M., et al. (2008). Falls, depression and antidepressants in later life: A large primary care appraisal. PLOS ONE, 3(6), e2423. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0002423 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0002423
Kim, J., Lee, E., Jung, Y., Kwon, H., & Lee, S. (2022). Patient-level and organizational-level factors influencing in-hospital falls. Journal of Advanced Nursing, 78(11), 3641–3651. https://doi.org/10.1111/jan.15274 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1111/jan.15254
Kruisbrink, M., Crutzen, R., Kempen, G. I. J. M., Delbaere, K., Ambergen, T., Cheung, K. L., et al. (2022). Disentangling interventions to reduce fear of falling in community-dwelling older people: A systematic review and meta-analysis of intervention components. Disability and Rehabilitation, 44(21), 6247–6257. https://doi.org/10.1080/09638288.2021.1964621 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/09638288.2021.1969452
LeLaurin, J. H., & Shorr, R. I. (2019). Preventing falls in hospitalized patients: State of the science. Clinics in Geriatric Medicine, 35(2), 273–283. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cger.2019.01.007 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cger.2019.01.007
Logan, P. A., Horne, J. C., Gladman, J. R. F., Gordon, A. L., Sach, T., Clark, A., et al. (2021). Multifactorial falls prevention programme compared with usual care in UK care homes for older people: Multicentre cluster randomised controlled trial with economic evaluation. BMJ, 375, e066991. https://doi.org/10.1136/bmj-2021-066991 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1136/bmj-2021-066991
Lohman, M. C., Fairchild, A. J., & Merchant, A. T. (2021). Antidepressant use partially mediates the association between depression and risk of falls and fall injuries among older adults. The Journals of Gerontology: Series A, 76(9), e171–e178. https://doi.org/10.1093/gerona/glaa253 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1093/gerona/glaa253
Lord, S. R., Sherrington, C., & Naganathan, V. (2021). Falls in older people (3rd ed.). Cambridge University Press. https://doi.org/10.1017/9781108672266 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1017/9781108594455
McGwin, G., Gewant, H. D., Modjarrad, K., Hall, T. A., & Owsley, C. (2006). Effect of cataract surgery on falls and mobility in independently living older adults. Journal of the American Geriatrics Society, 54(7), 1089–1094. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1532-5415.2006.00804.x DOI: https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1532-5415.2006.00770.x
Meuleners, L. B., Fraser, M. L., Ng, J., & Morlet, N. (2014). The impact of first- and second-eye cataract surgery on injurious falls that require hospitalisation: A whole-population study. Age and Ageing, 43(3), 341–346. https://doi.org/10.1093/ageing/aft192 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1093/ageing/aft177
Ministry of Health Saudi Arabia. (2021). Patient falls prevention and management. Retrieved October 26, 2024, from https://www.moh.gov.sa/en/Ministry/MediaCenter/Publications/Pages/Patient-Falls-Prevention-and-Management.pdf
Mokhtari, M., Nezakatalhossaini, M., & Esfarjani, F. (2013). The effect of 12-week Pilates exercises on depression and balance associated with falling in the elderly. Procedia – Social and Behavioral Sciences, 70, 1714–1723. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.sbspro.2013.01.246 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.sbspro.2013.01.246
Montero-Odasso, M., van der Velde, N., Martin, F. C., Petrovic, M., Tan, M. P., Ryg, J., et al. (2022). World guidelines for falls prevention and management for older adults: A global initiative. Age and Ageing, 51(9), afac205. https://doi.org/10.1093/ageing/afac205 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1093/ageing/afac205
Morrison, S., Simmons, R., Colberg, S. R., Parson, H. K., & Vinik, A. I. (2018). Supervised balance training and Wii Fit–based exercises lower falls risk in older adults with type 2 diabetes. Journal of the American Medical Directors Association, 19(2), 185.e7–185.e13. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jamda.2017.09.004 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jamda.2017.11.004
Nardone, A., Grasso, M., & Schieppati, M. (2006). Balance control in peripheral neuropathy: Are patients equally unstable under static and dynamic conditions? Gait & Posture, 23(3), 364–373. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.gaitpost.2005.04.002 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.gaitpost.2005.04.002
Nowak, A., & Hubbard, R. E. (2009). Falls and frailty: Lessons from complex systems. Journal of the Royal Society of Medicine, 102(3), 98–102. https://doi.org/10.1258/jrsm.2009.080274 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1258/jrsm.2009.080274
Office for Health Improvement & Disparities, UK. (2022). Falls: Applying All Our Health. Retrieved October 25, 2024, from https://www.gov.uk/government/publications/falls-applying-all-our-health/falls-applying-all-our-health
Olsen, C. F., & Bergland, A. (2014). The effect of exercise and education on fear of falling in elderly women with osteoporosis and a history of vertebral fracture: Results of a randomized controlled trial. Osteoporosis International, 25(8), 2017–2025. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00198-014-2724-3 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s00198-014-2724-3
Public Health Agency of Canada. (2024). Surveillance report on falls among older adults in Canada. Retrieved October 26, 2024, from https://www.canada.ca/en/public-health/services/publications/healthy-living/surveillance-report-falls-older-adults-canada.html
Saxena, P. C. (2008). Ageing and age-structural transition in the Arab countries: Regional variations, socioeconomic consequences and social security. Genus, 64(1/2), 37–74.
Schoberer, D., Breimaier, H. E., Zuschnegg, J., Findling, T., Schaffer, S., & Archan, T. (2022). Fall prevention in hospitals and nursing homes: Clinical practice guideline. *Worldviews on Evidence-Based Nursing, 19*(2), 86–93. https://doi.org/10.1111/wvn.12592 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1111/wvn.12571
Schwartz, S., Segal, O., Barkana, Y., Schwesig, R., Avni, I., & Morad, Y. (2005). The effect of cataract surgery on postural control. Investigative Ophthalmology & Visual Science, 46(3), 920–924. https://doi.org/10.1167/iovs.04-0762 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1167/iovs.04-0543
Singh, N. A., Stavrinos, T. M., Scarbek, Y., Galambos, G., Liber, C., Fiatarone Singh, M. A., et al. (2005). A randomized controlled trial of high versus low intensity weight training versus general practitioner care for clinical depression in older adults. Journals of Gerontology Series A: Biological Sciences and Medical Sciences, 60(6), 768–776. https://doi.org/10.1093/gerona/60.6.768 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1093/gerona/60.6.768
Streckmann, F., Zopf, E. M., Lehmann, H. C., May, K., Rizza, J., Zimmer, P., et al. (2014). Exercise intervention studies in patients with peripheral neuropathy: A systematic review. Sports Medicine, 44(9), 1289–1304. https://doi.org/10.1007/s40279-014-0209-y DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s40279-014-0207-5
Tseng, V. L., Yu, F., Lum, F., & Coleman, A. L. (2012). Risk of fractures following cataract surgery in Medicare beneficiaries. JAMA, 308(5), 493–501. https://doi.org/10.1001/jama.2012.9014 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1001/jama.2012.9014
Van den Bosch, C. G., Gilsing, M. G., Lee, S. G., Richardson, J. K., & Ashton-Miller, J. A. (1995). Peripheral neuropathy effect on ankle inversion and eversion detection thresholds. Archives of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, 76(9), 850–856. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0003-9993(95)80067-0 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/S0003-9993(95)80551-6
Wilson, N. M., Hilmer, S. N., March, L. M., Cameron, I. D., Lord, S. R., Seibel, M. J., et al. (2011). Associations between drug burden index and falls in older people in residential aged care. Journal of the American Geriatrics Society, 59(5), 875–880. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1532-5415.2011.03386.x DOI: https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1532-5415.2011.03386.x
World Health Organization. (2021, April 26). Falls. Retrieved January 20, 2025, from https://www.who.int/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/falls
World Health Organization. (2023). Health data overview for Saudi Arabia. Retrieved October 21, 2024, from https://data.who.int/countries/682
Yasmeen, A., Syed, M. H., Meraya, A. M., Alqahtani, S. S., Syed, N. K., Alfaifi, A. J., Madkoor, M. A. I., Thaibah, H. A., Khardali, A., & Van Hout, M. C. (2025). Fall risk and knowledge of fall-risk-increasing drugs among Saudi older adults. Healthcare, 13(13), 1549. https://doi.org/10.3390/healthcare13131549 DOI: https://doi.org/10.3390/healthcare13131549
Zaninotto, P., Huang, Y. T., Di Gessa, G., Abell, J., Lassale, C., & Steptoe, A. (2020). Polypharmacy is a risk factor for hospital admission due to a fall: Evidence from the English Longitudinal Study of Ageing. BMC Public Health, 20(1), 1804. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12889-020-09920-w DOI: https://doi.org/10.1186/s12889-020-09920-x
Downloads
Published
How to Cite
Issue
Section
License
Copyright (c) 2025 International Journal of Physical Therapy Research & Practice
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivatives 4.0 International License.
