International Journal of Physical Therapy Research & Practice
Barriers to Cardiac Rehabilitation in Saudi Arabia: A Scoping Review
Background: Cardiac rehabilitation (CR) is considered a cornerstone of secondary prevention for cardiovascular disease (CVD); however, it remains underutilized and underdeveloped in Saudi Arabia. Objective: This scoping review aimed to analyze the existing evidence on barriers affecting the implementation and participation in CR programs across Saudi Arabia. Methods: A comprehensive search was conducted in MEDLINE, PubMed, Google Scholar, and ScienceDirect for studies published between 2015 and 2025. Eight national studies were included, examining perspectives from physicians, nurses, physiotherapists, and patients. Data were thematically analyzed and categorized into four domains—service delivery and policy, workforce and training, awareness and culture, and patient-related factors—classified under two levels: system and personal. Results: Findings from eight included studies revealed system-level barriers, including a shortage of CR centers, insufficient workforce training, fragmented policies, and limited funding. Personal-level barriers included low awareness, cultural constraints, and patient-related factors such as fatigue, anxiety, comorbidities, and limited access. Together, these challenges delay the normalization of CR within cardiac care pathways. Conclusions: A coordinated national framework is needed to integrate CR into post-cardiac care, supported by professional training, sustainable funding, and culturally sensitive public engagement. The most urgent priorities include establishing national CR guidelines, expanding workforce development pathways, and improving awareness of CR among patients and healthcare providers. Addressing these barriers is essential to expanding CR services, enhancing patient outcomes, and aligning healthcare priorities with Saudi Arabia’s Vision 2030 goal of an equitable and prevention-oriented healthcare system.
Cardiac Rehabilitation; CR; Barriers; Saudi Arabia; Cardiovascular Disease; Scoping Review.
Copyright (c) 2025 International Journal of Physical Therapy Research & Practice https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0
Knowledge of Physiotherapists in Saudi Arabia About Lee Silverman Voice Treatment BIG Therapy for Parkinson's Disease: A Cross-Sectional Study
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 10.0pt; font-family: 'Aptos',sans-serif; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; color: black; mso-themecolor: text1; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-ligatures: none; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; font-weight: bold;">Background. <span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 10.0pt; font-family: 'Aptos',sans-serif; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; color: black; mso-themecolor: text1; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-ligatures: none; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA;">Parkinson's disease (PD) is a widespread and challenging to diagnose the neurological condition. Tremor, rigidity, and slowness of movement are all symptoms of Parkinson's disease, which is caused by gradual neuronal loss in the substantia nigra and other brain areas. Physical therapy has the ability to enhance walking, balance, muscle strength, and fall reduction, according to growing evidence. The Lee Silverman Voice Treatment BIG (LSVT BIG) therapy is a Parkinson's disease rehabilitation approach. LSVT BIG therapy enables people with Parkinson's disease to utilize their bodies more normally. Purpose. The purpose of this study is to see how much knowledge physiotherapists in Saudi Arabia have about LSVT BIG therapy. Method. A cross-sectional study utilizing a survey to assess the knowledge of physical therapists in Saudi Arabia. It was disseminated via WhatsApp to one thousand physical therapists. The main outcomes were the extent of awareness regarding the LSVT Big method for individuals with Parkinson's disease. Data analysis. Statistical Package for Social Studies was used to analyze the data. The Chi-square test and Fisher's exact test were used for categorical variables. Results. In the current study, 263 male and female physical therapists completed the survey, males represented 63.9% of the participants, and 62% were in the age group of 24 to 30 years. The majority (84.8%) were Saudi. Only 12.5% of the physical therapists in this study were aware of the LSVT-Big therapy, and only 30.3% have ever attended the course or received a certificate. Conclusion. In Saudi Arabia, physical therapists had limited awareness and knowledge about the LSVT BIG therapy. Additional effort is required to train physical therapists about the benefits of the LSVT BIG therapy and how to use it with Parkinson's patients.
Lee Silverman Voice Treatment BIG (LSVT BIG)
Role of Physical Therapy in Postural Management to Prevent Hip Dislocation in Children with Spastic Cerebral Palsy
Background: Cerebral palsy (CP) is a neurological disorder characterized by motor impairments stemming from non-progressive brain anomalies. A primary concern in children with spastic CP is hip migration, which can progress to subluxation or dislocation, particularly in non-ambulatory patients. Objective: This narrative review explores the efficacy of physical therapy approaches within postural management programs in preventing hip dislocation in children with spastic CP. Methods: Literature published between 1990 and 2022 is reviewed across databases—namely, PubMed, EDLINE, CINAHL, AMED and Google Scholar. Results: The review highlights diverse interventions, including passive stretching, weight-bearing exercises, standing devices, orthotic aids and the Vojta method, that underestimate the importance of early, individualized and multidisciplinary management in children with spastic CP. While some conservative strategies show promising outcomes, the evidence remains limited and of variable quality. Moreover, the studies have been heterogeneous in design, outcome measures and intervention protocols. Overall, the review indicates the need for tailored programs early in life, especially for children whose motor function is classified as Gross Motor Function Classification System levels IV and V, emphasizing the essential role of physiotherapists in preventive care. Conclusion: Early, tailored physiotherapy and postural management programs play a critical role in mitigating hip displacement in children with spastic CP. Strengthening interdisciplinary collaboration and standardizing intervention protocols are essential to both improving clinical outcomes and advancing the evidence base for conservative management strategies.
Cerebral palsy; Hip dislocation; Postural management; Physical therapy; Gross Motor Function Classification System.
Efficacy of Harness-Supported Treadmill Training Without Body-Weight Unloading on Balance and Mobility After Stroke
Background: Gait impairment is one of the most debilitating consequences of stroke, often restricting mobility, independence, and community reintegration. Treadmill-based gait training enhances neuroplasticity through repetitive, task-specific practice. However, body-weight-support systems are costly and not always available in routine rehabilitation. This study investigated the efficacy of harness-supported treadmill gait training without body-weight unloading compared with conventional overground therapy in individuals with post-stroke hemiplegia. Methods: Thirty adults (aged 40–60 years) with first-ever unilateral middle cerebral artery stroke and mild-to-moderate hemiparesis (Orpington Prognostic Score < 5.2) were randomly allocated to two groups: (1) conventional Bobath-based overground gait training, or (2) treadmill gait training with overhead harness support (no unloading). Both interventions were administered for 20 minutes, three times per week, over six weeks. The Stroke Rehabilitation Assessment of Movement (STREAM), Berg Balance Scale (BBS), and 10-Meter Walk Test (10MWT) served as primary outcome measures. Data were analyzed using independent t-tests, and effect sizes (Cohen’s d) were calculated. Results: Both groups showed significant within-group improvements (p < .01), but the treadmill group demonstrated superior gains in motor recovery and balance: STREAM (+6.20 ± 2.18 vs. +3.73 ± 2.16; p = .005; d = 1.17), BBS (+8.00 ± 4.19 vs. +4.20 ± 2.81; p = .025; d = 0.98), and gait velocity (+0.126 ± 0.035 m/s vs. +0.097 ± 0.025 m/s; p = .025; d = 0.90). All participants completed the program without adverse events, confirming excellent safety and adherence. <span style="font-size: 10.0pt; font-family: 'Aptos',sans-serif; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; color: black; mso-themecolor: text1; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-ligatures: none; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; font-weight: bold;">Conclusion:<span style="font-size: 10.0pt; font-family: 'Aptos',sans-serif; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; color: black; mso-themecolor: text1; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-ligatures: none; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA;"> Harness-supported treadmill gait training without body-weight support significantly enhances balance and mobility in post-stroke hemiplegia. The approach offers neuroplasticity-driven functional gains comparable to more sophisticated body-weight-supported or robotic systems, while remaining low-cost, safe, and easily implementable in routine clinical practice<span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Aptos; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Aptos; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-ligatures: none; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA;">.
Stroke rehabilitation; Treadmill gait training; Neuroplasticity; Balance recovery; Harness support; Central pattern generators; Motor relearning; Task-specific training
Functional Outcomes After Bilateral Versus Unilateral Total Knee Arthroplasty: A Retrospective Cohort Study in Saudi Arabia
Background: Osteoarthritis (OA) is a chronic degenerative joint disease that often leads to pain, stiffness, and functional disability. Total Knee Arthroplasty (TKA) remains the most effective surgical treatment for end-stage OA. This study aimed to compare the clinical and functional outcomes of patients undergoing unilateral and bilateral TKA in a tertiary rehabilitation setting in Saudi Arabia. Methods: This retrospective cohort study included 265 patients (≥35 years; both sexes) who underwent primary TKA at Sultan Bin Abdualziz Humanitartian City (SBAHC) Between 2016 and 2020. Clinical and functional data—including pain intensity (Visual Analog Scale), range of motion (goniometric assessment), muscle strength (Manual Muscle Testing), and functional independence (Functional Independence Measure, FIM)—were extracted from medical records at three time points: preoperatively, before discharge, and 3–6 months post-discharge. Results: The mean age of the patients was 67.1 ± 8.0 years, with females comprising 66.8%. Postoperatively, there was a significant reduction in pain scores (p < 0.001) and improvement in knee flexion and extension (p < 0.001). Muscle strength and FIM scores improved significantly across all patients, irrespective of age, gender, or postoperative complications. The percentage improvement in total FIM was greater in unilateral TKA patients (63.9%) compared with bilateral TKA patients (48.7%). Conclusions: Both unilateral and bilateral TKA patients demonstrated significant improvements in pain, joint mobility, muscle strength, and functional independence following a high-intensity rehabilitation program, with greater functional gains observed among unilateral TKA patients.
Total Knee arthroplasty, Rehabilitation, Functional outcomes, Range of motion.
Misdiagnosis of Greater Trochanteric Fracture in a Young Adult: A Case Report
Background: Misdiagnosis remains a major clinical challenge, even when patients are initially assessed by multiple healthcare providers. Musculoskeletal injuries, particularly hip trauma, require rigorous screening, careful differential diagnosis, and the use of appropriate imaging. Case Presentation: A 26-year-old Bahraini male developed acute left hip pain following a fall from a horse. Initial emergency department evaluation, including plain radiographs, did not reveal a fracture, and he was treated conservatively with analgesics and NSAIDs. Despite repeated consultations, his pain persisted, and he was referred to physiotherapy with a provisional diagnosis of “hip pain.” During physiotherapy assessment, several red flags were identified, including a traumatic mechanism of injury, persistent pain, limping gait, and lack of improvement with prior management. Further imaging confirmed a fracture of the greater trochanter fracture. Discussion: Greater trochanteric fractures are rare and frequently overlooked on plain radiographs. MRI is considered the gold standard for detecting occult hip fractures. Early recognition is essential, as inappropriate treatment—such as physiotherapy under a misdiagnosed label—may result in fracture displacement, prolonged disability, or surgical intervention. Conclusion: This case highlights the importance of independent diagnostic evaluation, even when patients arrive with prior referrals. Comprehensive screening and timely imaging (if needed) are critical to avoid misdiagnosis and ensure optimal patient outcomes.
The Impact of 3D-Printed Technology on Functional Performance in an Individual with C2 Spinal Cord Injury: A Case Report
This case report describes the use of a 3D-printed wheelchair joystick to improve functional performance in an individual with incomplete traumatic spinal cord injury at C2. A 29-year-old man presented with complete tetraplegia and no residual upper extremity function following a traffic accident, rendering him unable to operate manual or electric wheelchairs. To address this limitation, a joystick adapted for residual shoulder movements was developed using fused deposition modeling with polylactic acid material. After training, the patient achieved proficiency in maneuvering the wheelchair, as assessed with the Functional Independence Measure, enabling safe navigation and increased engagement in daily activities. This case illustrates how 3D-printed assistive devices can enhance functional autonomy and community participation in individuals with high cervical spinal cord injury.
Information Needs and Preferences on Cancer-Related Symptoms Among Children with Cancer and Their Parents: A Systematic Review
Objective<span style="font-size: 10.0pt; font-family: 'Aptos',sans-serif; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; color: black; mso-themecolor: text1; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-ligatures: none; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; font-style: italic;">: <span style="font-size: 10.0pt; font-family: 'Aptos',sans-serif; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; color: black; mso-themecolor: text1; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-ligatures: none; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA;">This study aimed to explore information needs and preferences of children with cancer and their parents about cancer-related symptoms. Methods: A systematic review of the literature was conducted using five databases and citation searches. The quality of eligible studies was assessed with the Mixed Methods Appraisal Tool. Results: Thirty studies were included (N=256 children and N=1778 parents/guardians). Children’s perspectives on their information needs were under examined and different from their parents. Both children and parents required more information about symptoms and late effects. Associations between participants’ characteristics and their information needs about symptoms and late effects were inconclusive. Parents preferred to receive information from doctors, in verbal and written formats, more than from online sources. Conclusions: Children with cancer and their parents need more tailored information about symptoms and late effects. Further research is required to identify how best to support individualized information needs and delivery preferences of children with cancer and their parents.
Effect of Supervised Physical Therapy Interventions on Functional Mobility and Quality of Life in Breast Cancer Survivors During Post-Treatment Rehabilitation: A Systematic Review
<span style="font-size: 10.0pt; font-family: 'Aptos',sans-serif; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; color: black; mso-themecolor: text1; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-ligatures: none; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; font-weight: bold;">Background: <span style="font-size: 10.0pt; font-family: 'Aptos',sans-serif; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; color: black; mso-themecolor: text1; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-ligatures: none; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA;">Breast cancer survivors frequently experience reduced physical capacity, fatigue, upper-limb dysfunction, and impaired quality of life (QoL) following treatment. Exercise and physiotherapy-based rehabilitation programs are increasingly prescribed, but the magnitude and consistency of their benefits remain under debate. Objective: This systematic review aimed to evaluate the effectiveness and safety of supervised exercise and physiotherapy interventions on functional mobility, muscular strength, fatigue, upper-limb function, and QoL in breast cancer survivors. Methods:A comprehensive literature search of PubMed, Scopus, Web of Science, Cochrane CENTRAL, and ClinicalTrials.gov was conducted up to March 2025. Randomized controlled trials (RCTs) comparing supervised exercise or physiotherapy interventions with usual care, waitlist, or non-exercise controls in adult breast cancer survivors were included. Data were extracted on intervention characteristics, participant demographics, outcomes, and adverse events. Risk of bias was assessed using the Cochrane RoB 2.0 tool, and certainty of evidence was graded using GRADE. Results: Twenty-two RCTs involving 2,260 participants were included. Interventions encompassed aerobic, resistance, and combined programs; water-based therapy; yoga; manual therapy; and multimodal rehabilitation, with durations ranging from 3 weeks to 12 months. Significant improvements in cardiorespiratory fitness were observed across 18 trials, with VO₂<span style="font-size: 10.0pt; font-family: 'Aptos',sans-serif; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; color: black; mso-themecolor: text1; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-ligatures: none; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA;">max gains of 2.5–<span style="font-size: 10.0pt; font-family: 'Aptos',sans-serif; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; color: black; mso-themecolor: text1; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-ligatures: none; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA;">4.8 mL/kg/min and six-minute walk distance improvements of 35–<span style="font-size: 10.0pt; font-family: 'Aptos',sans-serif; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; color: black; mso-themecolor: text1; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-ligatures: none; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA;">90 meters. Muscular strength improved by 10–25% in 12 studies, with resistance training demonstrating the largest effects. QoL increased significantly in 15 trials, with improvements exceeding clinically meaningful thresholds (+7.5 to +10 points on validated scales). Fatigue was reduced in nine RCTs, with moderate pooled effect sizes (SMD ≈ –0.35). Seven trials reported enhanced upper-limb function and range of motion following supervised stretching, strengthening, or manual therapy. No serious intervention-related adverse events were reported. Conclusions: Supervised exercise and physiotherapy interventions are safe and effective in improving fitness, strength, QoL, fatigue, and upper-limb function among breast cancer survivors. Findings support their integration into survivorship care plans, with combined aerobic-resistance programs demonstrating the broadest benefits. Further large-scale RCTs with longer follow-up are warranted to confirm sustained outcomes.
breast cancer survivors, exercise, physiotherapy, quality of life, fatigue, functional mobility, systematic review.
Platelet-Rich Plasma for Musculoskeletal Disorders: A Critical Review of Therapeutic Evidence and Clinical Utility
Objective: Platelet-Rich Plasma (PRP) therapy has emerged as a prominent modality in musculoskeletal medicine due to its autologous nature and potential to enhance tissue healing through growth factor release. Although widely adopted, clinical outcomes exhibit variability across studies. Therefore, this review critically evaluates the therapeutic efficacy and methodological quality of PRP applications in musculoskeletal disorders, focusing on tendinopathies, cartilage degeneration, acute muscle injuries, and anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) repair. Methods: A structured narrative synthesis was conducted using 11 peer-reviewed studies published between 2014 and 2025. These included randomized controlled trials, meta-analyses, systematic reviews, and retrospective analyses. Methodological quality was assessed using AMSTAR 2 and SANRA tools, with thematic synthesis organized by condition type. Results: PRP demonstrated short-term benefits in pain reduction and functional improvement, particularly in tendinopathies and mild-to-moderate osteoarthritis. Leukocyte-poor PRP (LP-PRP) and PBMNC-enriched formulations showed superior outcomes. However, evidence for cartilage regeneration, ACL repair, and acute muscle injuries remains inconclusive due to protocol variability and moderate risk of bias. Conclusion: PRP therapy offers selective clinical utility in musculoskeletal care, especially for chronic tendinopathies and early-stage osteoarthritis. Standardization of PRP protocols, long-term outcome studies, and identification of patient-specific predictors are essential to optimize its therapeutic role.
A Review of Falls Among Older Adults in Saudi Arabia: Risk Factors, Outcomes, and Prevention Strategies
Falls among older adults in Saudi Arabia pose a significant and growing public health concern, with studies reporting prevalence rates exceeding 47%. These events contribute to physical injuries and psychological distress, longer hospital stays, and rising healthcare costs. This narrative review synthesizes recent findings on the prevalence, underlying risk factors, outcomes, and strategies aimed at preventing falls in this population. Key contributors to fall risk in Saudi Arabia were found to include both intrinsic factors, such as chronic health conditions, limited mobility, obesity, vision problems, mental health issues, and polypharmacy, and extrinsic factors like environmental hazards and inadequate safety measures. Despite growing awareness and various preventive efforts, initiatives such as environmental modifications, the use of assistive devices, and closer hospital monitoring, falls remain common across both community and healthcare settings. The literature points to several effective interventions, including personalized risk assessments, home and facility modifications, medication management, structured exercise programs, and better training for caregivers and medical staff. However, a noticeable gap remains between what is known and what is actually implemented. This underscores the urgent need for stronger implementation of fall prevention strategies. Moving forward, a coordinated, multimodal approach tailored to Saudi Arabia’s healthcare system is essential to reduce fall-related incidents and improve the well-being of older adults.
Association between chronic neck pain, disability, and Physical Activity among Healthcare Workers: A Cross-Sectional Study
BACKGROUND: Chronic neck pain is a prevalent musculoskeletal condition among healthcare workers, often contributing to absenteeism, reduced productivity, and career dissatisfaction. Despite their vulnerability due to high occupational demands, the relationship between neck pain, disability, and lifestyle factors such as physical activity remains insufficiently explored in this group. OBJECTIVE: This study aimed to investigate the association between chronic neck pain, disability, and physical activity levels among healthcare workers. METHODS: A cross-sectional survey was conducted among healthcare workers at Prince Sultan Military Medical City. Participants completed a structured questionnaire that included demographic and health data, the Numerical Pain Rating Scale (NPRS) for pain intensity, the Neck Disability Index (NDI) for disability, the extended Nordic Musculoskeletal Questionnaire, and the International Physical Activity Questionnaire (IPAQ). Descriptive statistics and Pearson correlation analyses were performed. RESULTS: Thirty healthcare workers (83% female) from multiple professions participated. The mean chronic neck pain score was 5.10 (SD = 1.81), and the mean NDI score was 20.25 (SD = 9.73). A high physical activity level was reported by 70% of participants. Significant correlations were observed: a moderate positive correlation between neck pain and disability (r = 0.64, p < 0.01) and a fair positive correlation between neck pain and physical activity (r = 0.45, p < 0.05). CONCLUSIONS: Chronic neck pain appears prevalent among healthcare workers and is moderately associated with disability. Interestingly, higher pain levels were also correlated with higher physical activity, warranting further investigation. Given the small sample size, findings should be interpreted cautiously. Larger, longitudinal studies are recommended to understand risk factors better and to guide preventive and occupational health strategies.
chronic neck pain, healthcare workers, Neck Disability Index (NDI), physical activity, occupational health
Optimizing Osteoarthritis Care: A Review of Multimodal Physical Therapy on Long Term Patient’s Outcome
Background: Osteoarthritis (OA) is a prevalent, chronic musculoskeletal condition and a leading cause of pain, functional limitation, and reduced quality of life, especially among older adults. Traditional physical therapy (PT) for OA typically emphasizes exercise routines and symptom relief strategies. However, growing attention is being directed toward multimodal physical therapy (MPT)—an integrative approach that combines manual therapy, structured exercise, and patient education. This comprehensive model seeks to address not only the physical impairments associated with OA but also the behavioural and educational components that influence long-term disease management. Method: A systematic review was conducted using the Semantic Scholar database. Studies were included if they involved adult populations with OA, used MPT interventions, had a comparator group receiving standard PT or usual care, included a follow-up of at least six months, and reported outcomes related to pain, function, or quality of life. Ten eligible studies were identified, including randomized controlled trials and one systematic review. Result: Of the ten studies, five reported that MPT led to significant short-term improvements in pain and function compared to standard care. However, long-term findings were mixed. Only three studies showed sustained benefits beyond 12 months, while four reported no significant differences between MPT and standard PT over time. Manual therapy was found to be particularly effective in the short term but showed inconsistent long-term value across studies. Conclusion: MPT appears to offer superior short-term outcomes in OA management compared to standard PT. Nonetheless, its long-term benefits remain inconclusive. More high-quality, long-term studies with adherence tracking and patient subgroup analysis are needed to fully assess the sustained value of MPT and to determine which individuals are most likely to benefit from this multimodal approach.
Evaluating the Feasibility and Acceptability of Nintendo Switch-Based Exergaming for Enhancing Physical Activity in Children with Down Syndrome: A Pilot Study
Objective: Nintendo Switch-based exergaming is increasingly used in therapeutic settings. This study aimed to determine whether selected Nintendo Switch games are feasible and engaging for children with Down syndrome (DS). Methods: This interventional pilot study included a convenience sample of 11 children diagnosed with DS. it involved a 40-minute exergaming session using a Nintendo Switch console with ten games (two sports and eight Family Trainer) that required weight shifting and stepping tasks based on previous studies. After the session, the validated Video Game Applicability Questionnaire was used to evaluate usability, engagement, and enjoyment of the selected games using a five-point visual Likert scale. Results: Data from 11 children (7 females), aged 10.45 ± 1.75 years, were analyzed. Games such as Timber Trail (M = 4.96, SD = .07), Log Leaper (M = 4.94, SD = .12), Jump Rope (M = 4.92, SD = .12), Sprint Challenge (M = 4.90, SD = .18), and Head on Hurdler (M = 4.90, SD = .18) received consistently high ratings for usability, engagement, and enjoyment, while others such as Mine Cart Adventure (M = 1.16, SD = .40), Mountain Boarder (M = 1.32, SD = .28), Mole Madness (M = 1.77, SD = .97), Golf (M = 1.77, SD = .76), and Soccer (M = 2.19, SD = .44) were rated lower scores across all domains. Conclusion: Several games showed potential for therapeutic exergaming in children with DS, emphasizing the need for further research and long-term trials.
Association Between Patient Lifting Systems and Musculoskeletal Disorders Among Nurses in Saudi Arabia: A Cross-Sectional Study
Background: This cross-sectional study investigated the association between the use of patient lifting systems and the prevalence of musculoskeletal disorders (MSDs) among nurses in Saudi Arabia. It also examined the influence of lifting frequency, ergonomic knowledge, and sociodemographic factors. Methods: An electronic survey was distributed to 51 nurses between January and June 2023. The survey collected data on sociodemographic, patient lifting system usage frequency, and MSDs using the Nordic Musculoskeletal Questionnaire (NMQ) and the Visual Analogue Scale (VAS). Chi-square tests assessed associations, and logistic regression identified significant MSD risk factors. Results: Among the 51 nurses (mean age = 35.64 years), 35.3% used lifting systems sometimes, 37.3% rarely, and 15.7% never. A total of 25.5% reported insufficient ergonomic training. Frequent use of hoists was significantly associated with lower MSD prevalence (p < 0.001). Logistic regression showed that younger age (OR = 1.628, p = 0.020) and female gender were predictors of higher MSD risk. Lower back pain was the most reported issue (63%), but its severity was lower among nurses who regularly used lifting devices. Conclusion: Frequent use of patient lifting systems was associated with a lower prevalence and severity of MSDs, particularly lower back pain. However, inconsistent use and inadequate ergonomic training may limit their protective benefits. Healthcare facilities should prioritize training and encourage routine use of lifting systems to mitigate MSD risk among nursing staff.
The Relationship Between Perceived Stress Levels and Low Back Pain in Physical Therapy Students at Jazan University
Background: Low back pain (LBP) is a prevalent musculoskeletal issue among university students, particularly those in physically demanding programs such as physical therapy. Psychological stress, a common experience among students, has been identified as a potential risk factor for musculoskeletal pain. However, the association between perceived psychological stress and LBP in physical therapy students remains underexplored. Objective: This study aimed to determine the relationship between perceived stress levels and low back pain in physical therapy students at Jazan University. Methods: This cross-sectional study was conducted among physical therapy students at Jazan University between October and November 2024. Participants aged 18–30 years were surveyed using a structured questionnaire, which included the Perceived Stress Scale (PSS-10) to assess psychological stress and a standard LBP screening questionnaire. Sociodemographic variables and health-related behaviors were also collected. Descriptive statistics and Chi-square tests were used to analyze the data. Results: Out of 170 participants, 88% reported experiencing LBP. The majority of students (47.06%) exhibited moderate stress levels, and 28.24 % reported high stress levels. A statistically significant association was found between higher perceived stress levels and the presence of LBP (p < 0.05). Female students reported a higher prevalence of both stress and LBP compared to male students. Conclusion: This study highlights a significant relationship between psychological stress and low back pain among physical therapy students. These findings underscore the importance of implementing stress management and ergonomic education programs within academic settings to reduce the risk of musculoskeletal disorders.
Association Between Hip Strength and Dynamic Balance in Stroke Survivors with Coexisting Knee Osteoarthritis
Background: Stroke patients often experience impaired balance and mobility, which may be exacerbated by comorbid knee osteoarthritis (OA). Hip muscle weakness is a key contributor to reduced dynamic stability in these populations. Objective: To examine the association between hip muscle strength and dynamic balance in stroke survivors with and without knee OA. Methods: This cross-sectional study included 37 post-stroke participants (20 without OA, 17 with OA). Hip flexion and extension strength were assessed using manual muscle testing (MMT). Balance was evaluated via One-Leg Stance (OLS), Center of Pressure (COP) range and sway, and the Functional Reach Test (FRT). Results: Stroke patients with OA demonstrated significantly lower hip strength and impaired balance performance compared to those without OA. Hip flexor and extensor strength on the affected side showed moderate correlations with OLS (r = 0.52), COP sway (r = 0.49), and FRT (r = 0.45). The OA group had reduced OLS time (p < 0.05) and a smaller COP range. Conclusion: Hip muscle weakness is significantly associated with compromised dynamic balance in stroke patients with knee OA, underscoring the importance of hip-focused rehabilitation strategies in this population.
Effectiveness of a Smartphone Application to Improve Home Exercise Adherence in Adults with Knee Osteoarthritis in Saudi Arabia: A Randomized Controlled Trial
Background: Knee osteoarthritis (OA) is a prevalent condition globally, with poor adherence to home exercise programs (HEPs) posing a major barrier to effective management. This study examined the impact of a smartphone-based HEP with motivational text messaging on adherence, pain, and physical function among adults with knee OA in Saudi Arabia. Methods: A randomized controlled trial was conducted with 42 participants diagnosed with knee OA, recruited from a clinic at King Fahad Medical City (KFMC). Participants were randomized into two groups: the intervention group (n = 21) received a HEP delivered via WhatsApp with motivational text messages, while the control group (n = 21) received a paper-based HEP. Outcomes included self-reported adherence, pain (measured by visual analogue scale), and physical function (assessed using the Arabic version of the WOMAC physical function subscale). Assessments were conducted at baseline and at 6 weeks by a physical therapist with six years of experience. Results: At 6 weeks, the intervention group demonstrated significantly greater adherence (p = 0.001), lower pain scores (p = 0.017), and improved physical function (p = 0.001) compared to the control group. Conclusion: Delivering a HEP via a smartphone application with motivational text messaging may significantly improve adherence, reduce pain, and enhance physical function in adults with knee OA. Keywords Knee Osteoarthritis, Tele Rehabilitation, Exercise Therapy, Smartphone, Mobile Applications, Treatment Adherence and Compliance.
Comparing Outcomes of Surgical and Nonsurgical Management for Achilles Tendon Ruptures: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis
Background: Achilles tendon rupture is a common injury, and the optimal management approach—surgical or conservative—remains debated. The current systematic review and meta-analysis aim to compare surgical and conservative management strategies, considering efficacy and safety, by assessing the functional outcomes, rate of complications, and rate of re-rupture. Methods: A comprehensive literature search was conducted across multiple electronic databases to identify eligible randomized controlled trials (RCTs) comparing surgical and conservative management of Achilles tendon rupture. The main key outcomes included Achilles Tendon Score (ATRS), Complications incidence, including the incidence of deep vein thrombosis (DVT). For meta-analysis, effect sizes, confidence intervals, and heterogeneity were calculated depending on a random-effects model. Results: The results of the current review showed a substantial advantage of surgical management showed a significant advantage in ATRS scores (pooled estimate: 2.241; 95% CI: 1.004–3.478; p < 0.001). Regarding safety, no significant difference was found in DVT incidence (pooled estimate: 0.460; 95% CI: 0.163–1.302; p = 0.144; I² = 0%); the surgical group showed a non-significant increase in infection rates (pooled estimate: 2.217; 95% CI: 0.763–6.446; p = 0.144; I² = 0%) and conservative management had a significantly higher rate of re-rupture (pooled estimate: 0.182; 95% CI: 0.085–0.391; p < 0.001; I² = 0%). Conclusion: Surgical management is associated with a lower risk of re-rupture, while both approaches yield comparable long-term functional outcomes.
Association of COVID-19 Knowledge, Adherence to Precautionary Measures, Human Behavior, and Positive Mental Health in the Saudi General Public: Considerations for Innovative Tailored Rehabilitation Approaches
Background: The severe acute respiratory syndrome Coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2, also known as COVID-19) pandemic has wreaked havoc worldwide and affected the mental health of many people by prompting fears of falling sick, dying, helplessness, and stigma. Therefore, timely recognition of mental health issues is needed. This study aimed to assess the relationships of knowledge, adherence to precautionary measures, human behavior, and positive mental health during the COVID-19 pandemic on the general Saudi population. Methods: An online survey using snowballing sampling was conducted to collect data on respondents’ socio-demographics, COVID-19 knowledge, adherence to precautions, human behavior, and positive state of mental health during the pandemic. Path analysis was used to measure effects among these factors. Results: Survey responses revealed that fatigue significantly affected performance, with 47% of participants strongly agreeing that fatigue impacted their cognitive and motor functions. Significant positive correlations were found between the EXP GPD Score and Control GPD Score (0.8031), and between EXP GPD Errors and Control GPD Errors (0.8595). The regression analysis indicated that for every unit increase in the Fatigue Borg Scale, the EXP GPD Score (time) increased by approximately 0.8036 units. Paired samples t-tests confirmed significant differences in performance and perceived fatigue between control and post-fatigue groups. Conclusion: In the early stages of the COVID-19 outbreak in Saudi Arabia, knowledge about the disease, and human behavior affected positive mental ‎health. The findings found that positive mental health could be enhanced with clear communication and dissemination of knowledge, and having appropriate human behavior in the early stages of an outbreak. Further research is warranted to explore the effect of adhering to precautionary measures on having positive mental health in future pandemics.
COVID-19; human behavior; mental health; precautionary measure; telerehabilitation, exergaming, Saudi Arabia
Awareness and Knowledge of Role of Physiotherapy in The Management of Knee Osteoarthritis Among Al-Baha Populations
Background: Knee osteoarthritis (OA) is a prevalent degenerative joint disease-causing significant morbidity and functional limitations globally. Physiotherapy plays a key role in managing knee OA, offering non-invasive approaches to reduce symptoms and improve joint function. This study aimed to assess awareness, knowledge, and perceived barriers to physiotherapy use for knee OA among adults in the Al-Baha region of Saudi Arabia—an underrepresented area in musculoskeletal health research with limited data on physiotherapy utilization. Methods: A cross-sectional study was conducted among 781 participants in Al-Baha using a structured, self-administered Arabic-language online questionnaire. The survey collected demographic data, awareness and knowledge of knee OA and physiotherapy, and identified barriers and motivators to physiotherapy utilization. The instrument was pilot-tested before deployment. Participants were selected through convenience sampling. Ethical approval was obtained from the Institutional Review Board of the Faculty of Medicine, Al-Baha University. Data were analyzed using SPSS; descriptive and inferential statistics were used, with associations tested at a significance level of p < 0.05. Results: Among participants, 96.5% were familiar with knee OA. Joint pain (84.0%) was the most recognized symptom; advanced age (78.7%) and low physical activity (65.0%) were commonly identified causes. Physiotherapy was acknowledged as a treatment by 83.1%, with exercise therapy being the most recognized (67.0%). However, 51.7% believed exercise could worsen pain. Barriers included a lack of awareness (66.9%) and limited facility access (54.6%). Chi-square analysis revealed significant associations between physiotherapy knowledge and age (p < 0.001) and occupation (p = 0.002), but not with gender, education, or nationality. Conclusion: This study highlights high general awareness of knee OA and physiotherapy but reveals substantial knowledge gaps and barriers to service access. Public education, enhanced service availability, and culturally relevant outreach are needed to improve physiotherapy uptake in knee OA care.
Knee osteoarthritis, Physiotherapy, Awareness, barriers, Saudi Arabia.
Parents' Perceptions of Backpack Use and Its Impact on Children's Musculoskeletal Health in Saudi Schools Over Three Semesters with Textbook Integration
Background: Musculoskeletal disorders are increasingly common among children, particularly due to heavy backpacks or improper backpack usage in school. In Saudi schools, the integration of heavier textbooks has exacerbated this issue, raising concerns about children's long-term musculoskeletal health. This study explores parents' perceptions of backpack use and its impact on their children's musculoskeletal health during the integration of textbooks over three consecutive semesters. Methods: An observational cross-sectional study was conducted from June 1 to August 11, 2024, in Saudi Arabia. Parents or guardians of students from schools implementing textbook integration for three consecutive semesters were recruited through convenience sampling. Data were collected using an online questionnaire. Descriptive statistics summarized the data, while Chi-square, Fisher's exact tests, and One-way ANOVA were used to analyze the influence of sociodemographic factors on perceptions using SPSS version 28, with a significance level of p < 0.05. Results: The study included 715 participants, primarily mothers (63.9%) and married individuals (86.8%). Most parents had a university education or higher (fathers 68.8%, mothers 65.3%), with fathers mostly employed in the governmental sector (61.9%). Half of the mothers were not working (50.7%), and 38.4% of families had a monthly income over 15,000 SAR. 81.5% of children carrying shoulder bags, 58.0% of which they chose themselves. Half spent under 15 minutes transporting their bags, mainly by private car (69.5%). A significant 81.0% of parents reported their child felt a sense of heaviness with the backpack, and 76.1% observed musculoskeletal issues, including shoulder pain (60.3%), fatigue (54.1%), neck pain (38.6%), upper back pain (39.5%), and low back pain (29.2%). Factors influencing discomfort included carrying shoulder bags (p=0.001), carrying bags for over 15 minutes (p<0.001), and walking to school (p=0.008). Overall, 59.2% exhibited inadequate knowledge, with married parents (p<0.001) and mothers (p=0.008) showing less knowledge. Fathers in the governmental sector had higher knowledge (p=0.041), as did mothers not working (p=0.029). Parents with children complaining of backpack-related heaviness had better knowledge (p=0.001), as did those with children in governmental schools (p=0.031). Conclusion: Heavy backpacks significantly affect children's musculoskeletal health, with prevalent complaints of pain and fatigue. Despite this, parents generally lack adequate knowledge about proper backpack usage. Educational programs are essential to improve awareness and promote proper backpack use, alongside recommendations to reduce textbook loads and integrate e-learning.
Effectiveness of Self-administered High Frequency pocket TENS in pain intensity, and workability among university students with Primary Dysmenorrhea – A quasi-experimental study design
Background: Primary Dysmenorrhea (PD) is a painful condition affecting women of childbearing age, often hindering daily tasks. In Physical Therapy, Transcutaneous Electrical Nerve Stimulation (TENS) is widely used to relieve pain without side effects. Our study assesses the effectiveness of self-administered high-frequency pocket TENS (HF TENS) in reducing pain and enhancing workability among university students with PD in Jazan, Saudi Arabia. Methods: A quasi-experimental study involving 51 female university students was conducted. Participants received HF TENS with a pulse frequency of 100Hz for 30 minutes from day 1 to day 3 of their menstrual cycle. Pain intensity was assessed using the Numerical Pain Rating Scale (NPRS) for lower abdomen pain (LAP) and low back pain (LBP). The Workability, Location, Intensity, Days of Pain, and Dysmenorrhea (WaLIDD) score was used to determine dysmenorrhea severity. Pre-intervention and post-intervention assessments were conducted on day 1 and day 3 of the menstrual cycle, respectively. Results: The Wilcoxon signed-rank test revealed a significant reduction in pain intensity for both LAP (Median pre-6; post-1) and LBP (Median pre-5; post-1) following HF TENS application (p < 0.001). Similarly, a significant improvement in dysmenorrhea severity was observed (p < 0.001). Fisher's exact test indicated a statistically significant association between HF TENS treatment and dysmenorrhea severit. Conclusion: Self-administered HF pocket TENS application effectively reduces pain intensity and improves workability among university students with PD in Jazan, Saudi Arabia.
Transcutaneous Electrical Nerve Stimulation (TENS)
Comparison Of Kaltenborn Mobilization With Muscle Energy Technique In Patients With Adhesive Capsulitis: A Randomized Clinical Trial
Background: Adhesive capsulitis is one of the disabling conditions that significantly affects individuals of all ages. Manual therapy is one of the most effective approaches to treat this condition. Objective: This study aims to compare the effectiveness of Kaltenborn mobilization and Muscle energy techniques on pain, disability, and Range of motion in patients with Adhesive Capsulitis. Methods: This was a parallel arm single-blinded randomized clinical trial. Seventy-six patients with adhesive capsulitis were randomly assigned into two groups through computer software. The outcome measures included pain measured through the Numeric Pain Rating Scale (NPRS), shoulder range of motion measured by a Goniometer, and disability measured by the Shoulder Pain and Disability Index (SPADI). The measurements were taken at baseline and in the 4th week after the intervention. The analysis was done through paired t-test using SPSS version 26. Results: The results of this randomized clinical trial exhibited that Kaltenborne mobilization resulted in a significant difference in pain, shoulder range of motion, and functional mobility in patients with adhesive capsulitis (p-value <0.05). The within-group comparison showed improvement in both groups however between-group comparison showed greater improvement in the Kaltenborn group. Conclusion: This study concluded that Kaltenborn mobilization was more effective in reducing pain, disabilities, and increasing range of motion along with functional mobility in patients with adhesive capsulitis.
Adhesive capsulitis, Kaltenborn, Muscle Energy Techniques
Prevalence and risk factors of clubfoot in Al-Baha region - Saudi Arabia
Background: Clubfoot, or Congenital talipes equinovarus (CTEV), is a structural defect that occurs early in pregnancy. It affects 1 in 1000 live births and can lead to permanent disability and severe social and economic consequences if untreated. It is more common in boys, with a male-to-female ratio of 2:1, and has a strong association with family inheritance and consanguinity. Objectives: To determine the prevalence of clubfoot and identify associated risk factors in the Al-Baha Region. Methods: The research team analyzed the medical records of patients from the orthopedic clinic at King Fahad Hospital between January 2020 and January 2024. A data sheet, designed by experts and consultants, captured demographic data, defect location, possible risk factors, associated anomalies, and treatment plans. Data analysis was conducted using Chi-square tests through SPSS v28. Results: The study found that 94.1% of patients were male, and 76.5% had bilateral deformities. Nearly half (47.1%) of the patients had parents with consanguineous marriages. Identified risk factors included preeclampsia, oligohydramnios, gestational diabetes, and family history of deformities. No significant correlation was found between maternal drug exposure or infections and clubfoot. Treatment, which primarily involved serial casting and Achilles tenotomy, resulted in 41.2% of patients walking normally post-treatment. Conclusions: This study highlights the prevalence of clubfoot in the Al-Baha region and its association with risk factors, emphasizing the importance of genetic screening, early diagnosis, and public awareness to improve outcomes.
Accreditation and Its Impact on Physiotherapy Outcomes in Saudi Arabia Advancing Quality and Patient Care: A Narrative Review
This literature review examines the role of healthcare accreditation frameworks—specifically CARF (Commission on Accreditation of Rehabilitation Facilities), CBAHI (Saudi Central Board for Accreditation of Healthcare Institutions), Planetree, and JCI (Joint Commission International)—in enhancing physiotherapy services in Saudi Arabia. A systematic search was performed using PubMed and Google Scholar databases, focusing on peer-reviewed studies published in English between January 2000 and December 2024 that assessed accreditation’s influence on physiotherapy care quality. The review identified significant improvements attributable to accreditation, notably enhanced patient safety through reduced clinical errors, strengthened adherence to standardized clinical guidelines, and effective risk management. Accreditation also facilitated staff professional development, leading to increased competency, better clinical decision-making, and improved service delivery. Furthermore, standardizing physiotherapy practices through accreditation frameworks positively influenced patient outcomes, including better functional recovery, increased patient satisfaction, and higher overall service quality. The findings underscore accreditation as a critical strategy for advancing physiotherapy care standards in Saudi Arabia, emphasizing the need for continued implementation and support. The review advocates for widespread adoption and sustained integration of accreditation frameworks to achieve ongoing improvement in rehabilitation service quality and patient experiences within the Saudi healthcare system.
Physiotherapy, Accreditation, Quality, Saudi Arabia, Outcome.
Assessing Flat Foot Prevalence and Associated Risk Factors in Jazan Region: Demographic and Lifestyle Considerations
Objective: The primary goal of this research was to determine the prevalence of flatfoot among adult residents of the Jazan region in Saudi Arabia. Additionally, the study sought to identify significant risk factors associated with flatfoot by analyzing demographic variables, clinical conditions, and lifestyle characteristics. Methods: This study employed a descriptive observational approach, enrolling 317 adults aged between 18 and 60 years residing in Jazan, Saudi Arabia. A self-administered online questionnaire was used to collect data, yielding 210 valid responses suitable for analysis. The questionnaire was specifically designed to capture information related to the prevalence of flatfoot, associated symptoms, and various potential risk factors, including demographic data, clinical history, lifestyle behaviors, and footwear choices. Data analysis was conducted using Microsoft Excel, with statistical measures used to establish associations between flatfoot prevalence and the evaluated variables. Results: The findings revealed that the overall prevalence of flatfoot differed significantly by gender, with females displaying a higher prevalence rate (8%) compared to males (3%). Key risk factors identified included elevated body mass index (BMI), with higher prevalence observed among individuals classified as overweight or obese—specifically, 12% of females and 5% of males in these categories were affected by flatfoot. Additionally, lifestyle factors, particularly the use of unsupportive or improper footwear, were strongly linked to increased flatfoot risk. Clinical comorbidities, notably diabetes mellitus and rheumatoid arthritis, also emerged as significant risk factors associated with flatfoot in the studied population. Conclusion: The prevalence of flatfoot in Jazan underscores the need for targeted interventions that focus on modifiable risk factors, including weight management and proper footwear. Public health initiatives should prioritize awareness and prevention strategies to mitigate flatfoot-related complications.
Effectiveness of Kinesio Taping Compared to Other Interventions in Children and Adolescents with Idiopathic Scoliosis: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis
Background: Kinesio taping (KT) is used to treat people with scoliosis. However, there is limited evidence to to clarify its mechanism and effectiveness in treating idiopathic scoliosis in children and adolescents. Therefore, this study aimed to evaluate the effectiveness of KT for idiopathic scoliosis in children and adolescents. Methods: The search was conducted in the following databases from inception to November 2022: Scopus, Cochrane Library, Cumulative Index of Nursing and Allied Health Literature, Web of Science, and PubMed. The methodological quality of the included RCTs was assessed for subjects diagnosed with idiopathic scoliosis in children and adolescents. Primary outcomes included pain intensity, Cobb angle, and back muscle endurance. Meta-analysis was conducted to pool the results using standardised mean difference (SMD). Results: Four RCTs (160 participants) were included. The effect of KT with exercises group had better improvement on Cobb angle than other exercise only (SMD = -0.49, 95% confidence interval (CI) -0.89° to -0.09°; p = 0.02; I2 = 25%); but there was no difference between groups on back muscle endurance (SMD = 0.63, 95% CI -0.50 to 1.39 seconds; p = 0.36; I2 = 65%). Data on pain outcomes were insufficient for meta-analysis due to heterogeneity in reporting methods However, two studies showed that KT combined with exercises effectively minimised pain for patients with scoliosis. Conclusion: This systematic review and meta-analysis suggest that adding KT to other interventions improves the Cobb angle and may reduce pain in patients with idiopathic scoliosis. However, due to the limited number of included studies and participants, further high-quality RCTs are needed to confirm these findings.
Exploring Patient Perspectives and Experiences in Physical Therapy and Treatment Choices for Knee Osteoarthritis in Saudi Arabia: A Qualitative Study
Background: Knee osteoarthritis is a prevalent condition, particularly among older adults, characterized by chronic pain, reduced mobility, and significant impacts on quality of life. While treatments such as physical therapy and surgery exist, patient perceptions and understanding of these options play a critical role in treatment decisions and outcomes. However, there is limited research exploring how patient insights and opinions shape their choices, particularly concerning physical therapy. This study aimed to explore the patient perspectives and experiences in physical therapy and treatment choices for knee osteoarthritis. Methods: Semi-structured interviews were conducted in Arabic with 33 participants diagnosed with knee osteoarthritis, comprising 18 males and 15 females, with a mean age of 53 years (SD = 5.67). The interviews were based on a pre-prepared schedule developed specifically for this study. Braun and Clarke’s thematic analysis was applied to identify themes capturing participants' experiences and perspectives on treatment options and challenges. Results: Participants reported that knee pain prompted them to seek treatment, with physical therapy being chosen more frequently than surgical interventions. Awareness of physical therapy's benefits varied; some felt well-informed and supported by healthcare providers, while others encountered misinformation and emotional resistance. Family and community support systems were helpful, but a lack of education on management options caused confusion and frustration. Conclusion: To optimize the treatment outcomes of knee osteoarthritis, it is essential to address patients' emotional, psychological, and educational needs. Coupled with the benefits of physical therapy, such as pain relief and improved mobility, this holistic approach can enhance treatment adherence and significantly improve patients’ quality of life. Healthcare providers should prioritize patient education, emotional support, and tailored interventions to ensure a comprehensive and patient-centered care experience.
The Impact of Physiotherapy on Motor Function in a Child Recovering from Human Coronavirus NL63: A Case Report
Backgrounds: This case report aims to investigate potential neurological complications in children following Human Coronavirus NL63 (HCoV-NL63) infection and evaluate the effectiveness of 12-week physiotherapy intervention in improving motor function in this child. Methods: This case study examines a four-year-old male patient with multiple health dysfunctions following an HCoV-NL63 infection. A 12-week rehabilitation program including whole body vibration, lower extremities strengthening exercise, stairs climbing, balance exercise, and obstacles course was performed. The evaluation included the Pediatric Balance Scale (PBS), the Denver Developmental Screening Test (DDST), and the 10-Meter Walking Test (10MWT) to assess motor abilities and walking speed. Results: The participant demonstrated clinically meaningful improvement in motor function. The PBS score increased from 33 at baseline to 49 at 12 weeks. Walking speed increased from 0.56 meters/second at baseline to 1.43 meters/second. The DDST revealed improvement in fine motor skills such as copying a circle and drawing a person with three body parts Conclusions: This case report demonstrates that a 12-week physiotherapy program can lead to substantial improvements in motor function, including balance and walking speed, in a child with developmental delays following a severe HCoV-NL63 infection. However, the study also highlights the broader neurological and developmental populations. While respiratory symptoms are typically the focus of HCoV-NL63 treatment, this case report suggests that clinician should also consider potential long-term neurological effects, especially in severe cases. The child’s history of seizures and global developmental delay points to the need for more research into the virus’s impact on brain function and development.